Reliable Instrument Research Articles

Measurement of sustainable attitudes: a scale for business students

Purpose This study aims to present the development and validation of a scale to measure the attitudes of Latin American business students toward sustainable management practices in the economic, social and environmental dimensions. Design/methodology/approach Using a nonprobabilistic sample, the appreciation for sustainable practices in students (ASP-S) scale was administered to a total of 653 undergraduate and graduate business students in Argentina, Colombia, Mexico and Peru. A range of psychometric validity (construct, convergent and discriminant) and reliability criteria were applied. Findings Construct, convergent and discriminant validity was obtained from the ASP-S scale across all samples. During the internal validation process, two factors were found: systemic consciousness (ten items) and sustainable business leadership (nine items), both of which obtained acceptable reliability indices. The resulting structure is equivalent in all four countries. Originality/value The instrument can be applied by educators and learning assurance areas to diagnose and measure the effectiveness of pedagogical strategies used in sustainability courses taught at Latin American business schools. As a result, it has applications for curriculum design. As a valid and reliable instrument set in the context of regional business praxis, it can promote an understanding of sustainable behaviors and practices in future Latin American leaders.

Validation of the Polish version of the Johns Hopkins Learning Environment Scale–a confirmatory factor analysis

The Johns Hopkins Learning Environment Scale (JHLES) was developed by Robert B. Shochet, Jorie M. Colbert and Scott M. Wright of the Johns hopkins university school of medicine and consists of 28 items used to evaluate perception of the academic environment. The objective was to translate and adapt the JHLES to Polish cultural conditions and to validate the Polish version of the tool. The JHLES questionnaire was completed by students of all years (first–fifth) of the faculties of dental medicine at the Medical University of Lublin and the Medical University of Gdańsk. The total surveyed population consisted of 597 students. The overall reliability of the tool was excellent. Confirmatory factor analysis was performed in order to confirm structural consistency with the original JHLES tool. Consequently, all indices had acceptable values (close to 1 or 0, depending on the case), and there was consistency in the results, which shows that the JHLES model is supported by the data. In the present study, the JHLES has been validated in a sample of dental students for the first time in Poland and Europe. Our study provided good evidence for the reliability and validity of the Polish version of the JHLES. In conclusion, the Polish-language version of the JHLES questionnaire is a reliable and valid instrument for analysing the learning environment for students, and its factor structure is supported by the data.

Validation of the Behçet's Syndrome Overall Damage Index (BODI) for Retrospective Studies and a Proposal for Modification.

Assessment of damage accrual over time is important for evaluating and comparing long-term results of treatment modalities and strategies. Retrospective studies may be useful for assessing long-term damage, especially in rare diseases. We aimed to validate Behçet's Syndrome Overall Damage Index (BODI) for use in retrospective studies by evaluating its construct validity, reliability, and feasibility in retrospectively collected data. Additionally, we aimed to determine missing items by evaluating Behçet's syndrome patients with different types of organ involvement and long-term follow-up. We included 300 patients who had at least 2 clinic visits at 1-year intervals. The construct validity for use in retrospective trials was assessed by comparing BODI scores calculated from patient charts and during face-to-face visits. BODI was additionally scored using retrospective chart data by 2 different observers and by the same observer six months apart, in a blinded manner. The time for filling BODI was evaluated to assess feasibility. Additionally, damaged items that were missing from BODI were identified. There was a good correlation between the retrospective and face-to-face evaluation of BODI (ICC 0.99; %95 CI 0.99-0.99). Inter-observer and intra-observer agreement were good (ICC 0.96 and 1, respectively). The main damage items that BODI did not capture were hypertension, liver failure, lung parenchymal involvement, glaucoma, and lymphedema. BODI seems to be a reliable and feasible instrument for assessing damage in retrospective studies. Modifying BODI using the additional damage items identified in this study may make it an even better scale.

Optical Properties and Possible Origins of Atmospheric Aerosols over LHAASO in the Eastern Margin of the Tibetan Plateau

The accuracy of cosmic ray observations by the Large High Altitude Air Shower Observatory Wide Field-of-View Cherenkov/Fluorescence Telescope Array (LHAASO-WFCTA) is influenced by variations in aerosols in the atmosphere. The solar photometer (CE318-T) is extensively utilized within the Aerosol Robotic Network as a highly precise and reliable instrument for aerosol measurements. With this CE318-T 23, 254 sets of valid data samples over 394 days from October 2020 to October 2022 at the LHAASO site were obtained. Data analysis revealed that the baseline Aerosol Optical Depth (AOD) and Ångström Exponent (AE) at 440–870 nm (AE440–870nm) of the aerosols were calculated to be 0.03 and 1.07, respectively, suggesting that the LHAASO site is among the most pristine regions on Earth. The seasonality of the mean AOD is in the order of spring > summer > autumn = winter. The monthly average maximum of AOD440nm occurred in April (0.11 ± 0.05) and the minimum was in December (0.03 ± 0.01). The monthly average of AE440–870nm exhibited slight variations. The seasonal characterization of aerosol types indicated that background aerosol predominated in autumn and winter, which is the optimal period for the absolute calibration of the WFCTA. Additionally, the diurnal daytime variations of AOD and AE across the four seasons are presented. Our analysis also indicates that the potential origins of aerosol over the LHAASO in four seasons were different and the atmospheric aerosols with higher AOD probably originate mainly from Northern Myanmar and Northeast India regions. These results are presented for the first time, providing a detailed analysis of aerosol seasonality and origins, which have not been thoroughly documented before in this region, also enriching the valuable materials on aerosol observation in the Hengduan Mountains and Tibetan Plateau.

The development and structural validity testing of the Person-centred Practice Inventory-Care (PCPI-C).

Person-centred healthcare focuses on placing the beliefs and values of service users at the centre of decision-making and creating the context for practitioners to do this effectively. Measuring the outcomes arising from person-centred practices is complex and challenging and often adopts multiple perspectives and approaches. Few measurement frameworks are grounded in an explicit person-centred theoretical framework. In the study reported in this paper, the aim was to develop a valid and reliable instrument to measure the experience of person-centred care by service users (patients)-The Person-centred Practice Inventory-Care (PCPI-C). Based on the 'person-centred processes' construct of an established Person-centred Practice Framework (PCPF), a service user instrument was developed to complement existing instruments informed by the same theoretical framework-the PCPF. An exploratory sequential mixed methods design was used to construct and test the instrument, working with international partners and service users in Scotland, Northern Ireland, Australia and Austria. A three-phase approach was adopted to the development and testing of the PCPI-C: Phase 1 -Item Selection: following an iterative process a list of 20 items were agreed upon by the research team for use in phase 2 of the project; Phase 2 -Instrument Development and Refinement: Development of the PCPI-C was undertaken through two stages. Stage 1 involved three sequential rounds of data collection using focus groups in Scotland, Australia and Northern Ireland; Stage 2 involved distributing the instrument to members of a global community of practice for person-centred practice for review and feedback, as well as refinement and translation through one: one interviews in Austria. Phase 3: Testing Structural Validity of the PCPI-C: A sample of 452 participants participated in this phase of the study. Service users participating in existing cancer research in the UK, Malta, Poland and Portugal, as well as care homes research in Austria completed the draft PCPI-C. Data were collected over a 14month period (January 2021-March 2022). Descriptive and measures of dispersion statistics were generated for all items to help inform subsequent analysis. Confirmatory factor analysis was conducted using maximum likelihood robust extraction testing of the 5-factor model of the PCPI-C. The testing of the PCPI-C resulted in a final 18 item instrument. The results demonstrate that the PCPI-C is a psychometrically sound instrument, supporting a five-factor model that examines the service user's perspective of what constitutes person-centred care. This new instrument is generic in nature and so can be used to evaluate how person-centredness is perceived by service users in different healthcare contexts and at different levels of an organisation. Thus, it brings a service user perspective to an organisation-wide evaluation framework.

Psychometric Analyses of a Food Literacy Behaviors Questionnaire for Adults With Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus.

The purpose of the study was to develop and validate a food literacy instrument specific to individuals with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Twelve T2DM-specific, food literacy-related statements underwent content validity and face validity testing, and exploratory factor analysis (EFA) was conducted (phase 1). The 6 statements remaining after EFA testing were added to an existing food literacy questionnaire called the Eating and Food Literacy Behaviors Questionnaire (EFLBQ). Confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) examined the EFLBQ plus the T2DM-specific statements, and the instrument was called the Eating and Food Literacy Questionnaire for Diabetics (EFLBQ-D; phase 2). Both EFA and CFA were administered by third-party provider Centiment via Qualtrics to adults with T2DM residing in the 13 United States Department of Agriculture Southern region states. Reliability was assessed via point estimate reliability testing. The EFA items clustered into 2 factors each with 3 statements: (1) carbohydrate counting and nutrition label reading and (2) healthy food preparation methods. The CFA indicated that the EFLBQ-D had good fit and that the factors had good reliability. The EFLBQ's integrity was maintained with its items loading on the respective constructs. The EFLBQ-D appears to be a valid, reliable instrument for use by researchers and professionals to better understand food behaviors and food literacy skills of those with T2DM. This is an important tool to help individualize medical nutrition therapy, improving patient care in this population.

The disease recurrence perception scale for patients with inflammatory bowel disease: Instrument development and cross‐sectional validation study

AbstractDisease recurrence perception plays a key role in disease management and subsequent disease recurrence prevention. However, there are no specific tools for assessing disease recurrence perception in patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) characterized by alternating remission and recurrence. To develop and validate an instrument for measuring disease recurrence perception of patients with IBD, the study was conducted in two steps: (1) instrument development and (2) psychometric tests. A total of 623 patients with IBD participated in the study. The common sense model of illness self‐regulation (CSM) was used as a framework for instrument development. The administered version contained 48 items intended to be relevant to at least one of the six dimensions of the model. Based on preliminary analyzes, 12 items were deleted leaving 36 items for more detailed psychometric and factor analyzes. The Cronbach's alpha coefficient of the total 36‐item instrument was 0.915. The content validity indexes at item and scale levels were satisfactory. The test‐retest reliability of the total instrument was 0.870. Exploratory principal components analysis (n = 278) was used to identify six components congruent with intended CSM constructs that accounted for 62.6% of total item variance. Confirmatory factor analysis (n = 345) found acceptable fit for the six factor measurement model (χ2/df = 1.999, GFI = 0.846, NFI = 0.855, IFI = 0.922, TLI = 0.910, CFI = 0.921, RMSEA = 0.054). Overall, the DRPSIBD demonstrated satisfactory reliability and validity to warrant further development as a measure of disease recurrence perception of patients with IBD.

Design and validation of the perception of risk towards environmental unsustainability scale (PREUS)

AbstractNo validated scales are available to assess the perception of risk towards environmental unsustainability (PREU), which is a key construct for the adoption of sustainable behaviors. To fill this literature gap, the objective of this study was to develop and validate the PREU scale (PREUS). To this end, a total of 519 Spanish participants answered a survey composed of the PREUS and other psychosocial variables. The exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses ratify the bifactorial structure of the scale. The two factors refer to perceived risk to oneself and one’s own family (anthropocentric view of risk), and risk for the planet (ecocentric view), respectively. The structural equation modelling analyses confirmed (1) the expected relationships between both factors and other constructs of their nomological network, and (2) the mediating role of the ascription of responsibility in the relationship established between risk perception and sustainable behavior, offering empirical support for the external validity of the scale. Finally, both metric and scalar gender invariance were granted and, as expected, women showed higher PREU than men. The study provides a brief, easy-to-complete, reliable, valid, and sex-invariant instrument that can be useful for researchers and educators to assess the extent to which individuals perceive the risk that environmental unsustainability can pose.

Development and validation of an innovative headspace collection technique: volatile organic compound patterns emitted by different developmental stages of Halyomorpha halys

Over the past two decades, several headspace collection techniques have been used to detect and identify volatile organic compounds (VOCs) emitted by plants, pests, air, and soil. Volatiles emitted by pests and infected plants are usually found at low concentrations. The important challenge is to be able to capture an exact collection of relative quantities of the relevant VOCs. Here we present an innovative headspace collecting device (HSCD) for sampling VOCs, which ensures an exact regulation of mass flow velocity and collected total gas volume allowing besides qualitative analysis of collected VOCs, an exact comparison of their relative quantities in plant or insect headspace samples. The HSCD possess six parallel odor collection systems each consisting of a digital mass flow detector and controller connected to a vacuum pump, which are mounted in a trolley suitcase, connected by tubes, and wired electrically. The programming of the channels, can be done by a digital control unit. Using the HSCD, VOCs emitted by the brown marmorated stink bug (BMSB), Halyomorpha halys, from its different developmental stages including egg, nymphal stages, nymphal exuvia, and adults were collected on thermal desorption tubes and analyzed using an automated thermal desorber connected to a gas chromatography-mass spectrometry system. Forty-five VOCs were identified in total, which mainly consisted of tridecane (4.36-69.33%), E-2-decenal (4.24-26.48%), 2-undecenal (0.63-50.03%), and E-4-oxo-2-hexenal (1.22-20.58%). The random forest analysis revealed three different chemical patterns among BMSB life stages samples. In conclusion, these results indicate that the new developed HSCD, a mobile, easy to use, and reliable instrument, has a high potential to sample relevant VOCs of a specific life stage of an insect both qualitatively and quantitatively. It was demonstrated that this information can be used for identifying specific chemical signatures, which fit to specific life stages of the BMSB, and may be used as biomarker for on-site detection of this pest e.g. in shipping containers or agricultural areas.

The psychometric properties of the Utrecht Work Engagement Scale on a Zimbabwean population

Orientation: Work engagement has been found to be related to positive job attitudes such as job involvement, job satisfaction, organisational commitment, and low turnover intention.Research purpose: The primary goal of this study was to test the psychometric properties of the Utrecht Work Engagement Scale (UWES) on a Zimbabwean sample.Motivation for the study: The UWES is a widely used measure of work engagement. Therefore, there is a need to assess the reliability and construct validity of the UWES in a Zimbabwean sample owing to the paucity of studies on its psychometric properties in this setting.Research approach/design and method: A cross-sectional survey research design was employed (N = 304). A non-probability sample of 304 participants from selected security organisations was studied. The UWES was used to measure work engagement, and its reliability was evaluated using SPSS. Construct validity was assessed through confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) using LISREL.Main findings: Moderately high levels of reliability were found for the UWES subscales. A poor model fit with the data was found for first-order measurement models through CFA.Practical/managerial implications: The UWES demonstrated a reasonable fit for the 9-item scale CFA model tested in this study. Moderately high reliability coefficients were recorded for all the subscales of the UWES.Contribution/value-add: The study promotes the use of reliable and valid instruments in Zimbabwe by confirming the psychometric properties of the UWES.

The Influence of Work Discipline and Work Environment on the Work Performance of Inpatient Nurses at Bhayangkara Hospital, Pontianak

This study aims to reveal the influence of work discipline and work environment on the work performance of inpatient nurses at Bhayangkara Hospital, Pontianak. The research design used was non-experimental and used cross-sectional analytics. Data analysis using Logistic Regression. Research data was obtained from valid and reliable research instruments. The population in this study were all inpatient nurses. The research sample was 46 inpatient nurses. Research Results: 1) regression analysis of the influence of work discipline on nurses' work performance, p-value < 0.05, thus there is an influence of work discipline on work performance; 2) the Odds Ratio value is 4.582, meaning that nurses with high work discipline have a 4.582 times chance of having good work performance compared to nurses who have low work discipline; 3) the influence of the work environment on the work performance of nurses obtained p value <0.05. Thus there is an influence of the work environment on the work performance of inpatient nurses; 4) the Odds Ratio value is 2.924, meaning that nurses with a good work environment have a 2.924 times chance of having good work performance compared to nurses who have a poor work environment; 5) The R-Square value is 0.722, meaning that the influence of work discipline and work environment on the work performance of inpatient nurses is 72.2%.

The Bergen–Social Media Addiction Scale (BSMAS): longitudinal measurement invariance across a two-year interval

ABSTRACT Objective This study aims to examine the longitudinal measurement invariance of the Bergen Social Media Addiction Scale (BSMAS) over a two-year interval, addressing a gap in research on its consistency over time. Method Confirmatory Factor Analysis with a robust maximum likelihood chi-square estimator was utilised to assess the BSMAS among 276 adults (mean age = 31.86 years; SD = 9.94 years; 71% male) at three time points across two years. This method evaluates the scale’s structural consistency and reliability longitudinally. Results The analysis supported full measurement invariance (configural, metric, scalar, and error variance) of the BSMAS, indicating stable measurement properties over time. Furthermore, temporal stability and equivalency of the BSMAS total mean scores were confirmed across the three-time points, suggesting consistent measurement of social media addiction. Conclusions The findings validate the BSMAS as a reliable instrument for measuring social media addiction over extended periods. Demonstrating its psychometric stability enhances its utility for longitudinal studies, making it a valuable tool for tracking changes in social media addiction behaviours. These results have significant implications for future research and clinical practice, highlighting the BSMAS’s applicability in long-term studies.

Determining the psychometric properties of a written test to assess safe dental practice

IntroductionSafe practice in medicine and dentistry has been a global priority area in which large knowledge gaps are present.Patient safety strategies aim at preventing unintended damage to patients that can...

A Quantitative Study Examining the Relationship Between Parental Socioeconomic Status, Body Image, Peer Influence, and Self-esteem Among Adolescents

People with high self-esteem are better able to take delight in life's little pleasures, handle difficult situations, overcome challenges, establish lasting relationships, and strengthen their weaknesses. This study examined socioeconomic status, body image, and peer influence on self-esteem among in-school adolescents in Ibadan, Nigeria. The descriptive survey design of the correlational type was used during the investigation. This study employed a multi-stage sampling technique. Three hundred and forty-five in-school adolescents made the study sample. Data was collected using reliable instruments: (Peer Influence Scale α = .78; Body image scale α =0.83; Parental Socioeconomic Status Scale α =0.89; Self-Esteem Inventory α=.71). From the results, socioeconomic status (r = .533; p.<05), body image (r =. 577; p.<05), and peer influence (r = .331; p.<05) had a significant relationship with (self-esteem). Body Image made the most significant contribution (β = .371; t = 7.555; p<0.05) followed by Peer influence (β = .316; t = 8.112; p<0.05) and Socioeconomic status (β = .312; t = 6.374; p<0.05). The study underscores the need for counseling and orientation programs for adolescents in all ramifications; this will help ease the psychological strain that could hamper their self-esteem.

Pilot Testing Transcreated Spanish-Language Study Materials for Symptom Research With Infants and Parents in the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit.

Rising admission rates of Hispanic/Latinx families to the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) have increased the number of non-English-speaking individuals who may wish to participate in research studies. However, a lack of appropriately translated research study materials may limit the opportunity for these families to be involved in research that could impact the care that infants and families receive in the NICU. The primary purpose was to pilot test study materials that were transcreated from English to Spanish with the assistance of a bilingual community advisory board with Spanish-speaking parents of NICU infants. A total of 19 Spanish-speaking parents (15 mothers and 4 fathers) who were representative of the population of interest completed paper-and-pencil surveys, along with a cognitive interview. Preliminary data related to decision-making and goals of care, infant symptoms, and their experiences in the NICU were also collected. The internal reliability of the transcreated study instruments ranged from good to excellent (α= 0.82-0.99). Participants reported that study materials were not offensive and did not make them feel uncomfortable; however, they found some words/phrases to be confusing. Parents had the opportunity to provide suggested wording changes. Language barriers and a lack of cultural responsiveness can affect the care that infants and their families receive. More accurate and culturally appropriate transcreation of study materials can remove barriers to research participation and facilitate better communication with non-English-speaking families, which may lead to the development of better-informed evidence-based interventions and clinical practices in the NICU.

Evaluating the factor structure, reliability and validity of the Copenhagen Burnout Inventory-Student Survey (CBI-SS) among faculty of arts students of Ekiti State University, Ado-Ekiti, Nigeria

The Copenhagen burnout inventory-student survey (CBI-SS) has shown promising psychometric properties in diverse student populations. This study aims to investigate the psychometric properties of the Nigerian version of the CBI-SS. This was a cross-sectional study of 635 students from Ekiti State University, Ado-Ekiti, Nigeria. Confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) was utilized to assess the CBI-SS validity. The reliability score of the CBI-SS was 0.957, ranging from 0.862 to 0.914 for the subscales. Correlation coefficients among the four CBI-SS factors ranged from 0.507 to 0.713. The CFA indicated an adequate goodness-of-fit for the four-factor model of the CBI-SS with the sample data. However, Item 10 was removed due to unacceptably low Average Variance Extracted score. The four factors demonstrated a negative correlation with both General Academic Self-Efficacy Scale and Cumulative Grade Point Average. Furthermore, both self-reported burnout and perceived course stress showed associations with the CBI-SS, where lower levels of burnout corresponded with lower median scores on the CBI-SS scales. This study underscores the significance of the CBI-SS in evaluating student burnout within our student population. The findings indicate that the CBI-SS is a highly reliable and valid instrument for assessing student burnout, suggesting its potential for effective utilization in the Nigerian academic context.

The Chinese version of the general benefit finding scale (GBFS): Psychometric properties in a sample of college students.

Benefit finding has become a central construct in the evolution of positive psychology and attracted attention in recent literature. This study aimed to translate and validate the General Benefit Finding Scale (GBFS) in Chinese college students. Forward- and back-translation of the GBFS was followed by the assessment of semantic equivalence and content validity. A sample of 589 college students was recruited in China to conduct reliability and validity analysis. The construct validity was assessed using exploratory (EFA) and confirmatory factor analysis (CFA). Concurrent validity was assessed using Pearson's correlation coefficients of the GBFS with the Perceived Stress Scale (PSS) and World Health Organization-Five Well-Being (WHO-5). Internal consistency and two-week test-retest reliability were also evaluated. The content validity index for each item ranged from 0.83 to 1.00. EFA revealed a six-factor model, which exhibited acceptable goodness of fit in CFA (standardized root mean square residual = 0.031, root mean square error of approximation = 0.059, goodness-of-fit index = 0.860, comparative fit index = 0.904, Tucker-Lewis index = 0.890, chi-squared/degree of freedom = 2.07). The concurrent validity of the GBFS was supported by its statistically significant correlations with PSS (r = -0.271, p<0.001) and WHO-5 (r = 0.354, p<0.001). Moreover, the internal consistency for the overall scale was satisfactory, with Cronbach's α coefficient of 0.93 and McDonald's omega reliability of 0.94. The test-retest reliability was 0.82. Although the Chinese version of GBFS was examined in a homogeneous convenience sample of college students, it provides a reliable and valid instrument for assessing benefit finding in the Chinese context.

Conceptualization and measurement of foreign language playfulness via exploratory structural equation modeling

The current research sought to conceptualize and measure foreign language playfulness (FLP), a recently developed construct in second language acquisition (SLA), through exploratory structural equation modeling (ESEM), a recently introduced scale measurement approach. Using a sample of 208 Iranian undergraduate language learners, we employed a series of statistical techniques to examine the underlying structure, best fitting model, psychometric properties, measurement invariance, and factor correlation of a new measure of FLP. Findings showed that bifactor EFA, compared with EFA, provided better representation for the underlying structure of the FLPS. Multiple model comparisons indicated that the bifactor ESEM model had a more satisfying representation of the FLPS than the other models (CFA, bifactor CFA, and ESEM). Cronbach's α and omega (ω) demonstrated that the FLPS is a reliable instrument. The bifactor ESEM model of the FLPS was also invariant across genders. Finally, factor correlation in ESEM exhibited a more accurate reflection of the association between the two factors (intellectual playfulness and other-directed playfulness) of the FLPS. The results were discussed by highlighting the importance of using ESEM to validate psychological constructs in SLA.

Gender Differences in Anthropometric, Functional Capacity Measures and Quality of Life in Individuals with Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities

The aim of the of the current investigation was to investigate the possible differences concerning males and females in anthropometry, body composition, functional capacity, strength and quality of life variables. After obtaining signed informed consent, 37 participants (18 males; 19 females), with mean age of 39.08 and standard deviation of 11.66 years, voluntarily participated in this study. Anthropometry, body composition, functional capacity, strength, and quality of life were assessed using validated and reliable instruments and tests for this population. The males and females were compared using a Mann–Whitney U signed rank test. Significant differences were detected among the following variables, height (p = 0.028), body mass index (p = 0.033), fat mass (p = 0.002), muscle mass (p ≤ 0.001), phase angle (p = 0.005), medicine ball throwing strength (p = 0.010), and peak toque left knee (p = 0.028), with males showing better results in all the variables. The sample in this study showed differences in the anthropometric, composition, and strength variables. Studying this population can help ensure that everyone has equal access to services and adequate support for their personal needs, improving their quality of life.

The Influence of Social Media and Digital Literacy on Students' Learning Achievement in Economics Subjects

The world of technology is developing very rapidly over time and has become a need for every human being. The research aims to reveal the influence of social media and digital literacy on students' learning achievement in economics subjects. The research uses quantitative methods with a survey approach. The population of all class Data was obtained from valid and reliable instruments. Data analysis uses partial and multiple regression. The research results concluded: 1) Social Media has a positive effect on students' learning achievement in Economics Subjects; 2) Digital Literacy does not have a positive effect on students' learning achievement in economics subjects; 3) There is a joint (simultaneous) influence of Social Media and Digital Literacy on students' learning achievement in economics subjects; 4) The influence of social media and digital literacy together on learning achievement in economics subjects is 80.4%; 5) The correlation between Social Media and learning achievement in Economics subjects by controlling the Digital Literacy variable is significant; 6) the correlation between Digital Literacy and learning achievement in economics subjects by controlling social media variables is not significant.